To be just... in research

OK, so I haven't read all of this, but it is kind of funny what I just read.
"Who ought to receive the benefits of research and bear its burdens? This is a question of justice ... conceiving the principle of justice is that equals ought to be treated equally. However, this statement requires explication. Who is equal and who is unequal?"

ON the plus side... now I want to keep reading instead of cheating and press next to see what weird things I find :P

Edit one:
My MDs during my history
The first century physician Celsus justified experiments on condemned criminals in Egypt using wording that became a classic defense for hazardous experimentation: "It is not cruel to inflict on a few criminals sufferings which may benefit multitudes of innocent people through all centuries."
Brady, Joseph V. and Jonsen, Albert R. "The Evolution of Regulatory Influences on Research with Human Subjects." Human Subjects Research - A Handbook for Institutional Review Boards. Ed. Greenwald, Robert A. et al. New York: Plenum Press, 1982. 3 - 18